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Ashkenazi Jewish intelligence
The intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews relative to other ethnic groups has been an occasional subject of scientific controversy.〔
A 2005 scientific paper, "Natural History of Ashkenazi Intelligence",〔 proposed that Ashkenazi Jews as a group inherit higher verbal and mathematical intelligence with lower spikes in spatial intelligence than other ethnic groups, on the basis of inherited diseases and the peculiar economic situation of Ashkenazi Jews in the Middle Ages. Opposing this hypothesis are explanations for the congenital illnesses in terms of the founder effect, explanations of intellectual successes by reference to Jewish culture's promotion of scholarship and learning, and doubts about whether a group difference in intelligence really exists.
==Evidence for a group difference in intelligence==
One observational basis for inferring that Ashkenazi Jews have high intelligence is their prevalence in intellectually demanding fields. While only about 2% of the U.S. population is of full Ashkenazi Jewish descent,〔 27% of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century,〔〔 25% of Fields Medal winners,〔 25% of ACM Turing Award winners,〔 6 out of the 19 world chess champions, and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have either full or partial Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. However, such statistics do not rule out factors other than intelligence, such as institutional biases and social networks. Undue weight is also given to the Ashkenazi statistics because people of partial Ashkenazi ancestry (half or less) are included, but only compared to the portion of the US population of full Ashkenazi descent.
A more direct approach is to measure intelligence with psychometric tests. Different studies have found different results, but most have found above-average verbal and mathematical intelligence in Ashkenazi Jews, along with below-average spatial intelligence.〔〔Backman, M. E. (1972) Patterns of mental abilities: ethnic, socioeconomic and sex differences. American Educational Research Journal, 9,1-12.〕〔Levinson, B.M. & Block, Z. (1977) Goodenough-Harris drawings of Jewish children of orthodox background. ''Psychological Reports 41'', 155–158.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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